courses:ast100:5.1
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| courses:ast100:5.1 [2026/03/22 02:50] – asad | courses:ast100:5.1 [2026/03/22 04:21] (current) – asad | ||
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| ===== - Interactive table ===== | ===== - Interactive table ===== | ||
| + | This table is interactive: | ||
| < | < | ||
| - | | + | <style> |
| - | | + | @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2? |
| - | class=" | + | |
| - | allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" | + | .cpt *,.cpt *:: |
| - | | + | .cpt{ |
| - | title=" | + | --tx:# |
| - | ></iframe> | + | font-family:' |
| + | } | ||
| + | |||
| + | /* ── LEGENDS ── */ | ||
| + | .cpt-legs{display: | ||
| + | .cpt-leg{display: | ||
| + | .cpt-leg-title{ | ||
| + | font-family:' | ||
| + | color: | ||
| + | letter-spacing: | ||
| + | } | ||
| + | .cpt-li{display: | ||
| + | .cpt-li: | ||
| + | .cpt-ld{width: | ||
| + | .cpt-ls{width: | ||
| + | .cpt-li.on{color: | ||
| + | .cpt-li.on .cpt-ld{box-shadow: | ||
| + | .cpt-li.noc{cursor: | ||
| + | .cpt-div{width: | ||
| + | |||
| + | /* ── GRID ── */ | ||
| + | .cpt-w{max-width: | ||
| + | .cpt-g{display: | ||
| + | |||
| + | /* ── CELL ── */ | ||
| + | .cpt-e{ | ||
| + | aspect-ratio: | ||
| + | display: | ||
| + | cursor: | ||
| + | transition: | ||
| + | border:1px solid var(--bd); | ||
| + | } | ||
| + | .cpt-e:: | ||
| + | .cpt-e: | ||
| + | .cpt-e: | ||
| + | .cpt-e .z{font-family:' | ||
| + | .cpt-e .s{font-family:' | ||
| + | .cpt-e.dim{opacity: | ||
| + | .cpt-e.hi:: | ||
| + | |||
| + | /* ── SPACER & LABELS ── */ | ||
| + | .cpt-sp{grid-column: | ||
| + | .cpt-lb{ | ||
| + | grid-column: | ||
| + | padding-right: | ||
| + | font-family:' | ||
| + | } | ||
| + | |||
| + | /* ── OVERLAY ── */ | ||
| + | .cpt-ov{position: | ||
| + | .cpt-ov.open{opacity: | ||
| + | .cpt-md{background:# | ||
| + | .cpt-ov.open .cpt-md{transform: | ||
| + | .cpt-x{position: | ||
| + | .cpt-x: | ||
| + | .cpt-cw{width: | ||
| + | .cpt-cw canvas{width: | ||
| + | .cpt-bd{padding: | ||
| + | .cpt-sy{font-family:' | ||
| + | .cpt-nm{font-family:' | ||
| + | .cpt-mt{font-family:' | ||
| + | .cpt-ps{display: | ||
| + | .cpt-p{background:# | ||
| + | .cpt-pl{font-size: | ||
| + | .cpt-pv{font-family:' | ||
| + | .cpt-os{margin-top: | ||
| + | .cpt-bg{display: | ||
| + | .cpt-od{font-family:' | ||
| + | .cpt-od em{color: | ||
| + | @media(max-width: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="cpt"> | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | <div class=" | ||
| + | <div class=" | ||
| + | <div class=" | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | <div class=" | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | (function(){ | ||
| + | |||
| + | var ORI={ | ||
| + | BB: | ||
| + | SS: | ||
| + | LS: | ||
| + | SN: | ||
| + | NM: | ||
| + | CR: | ||
| + | HU: | ||
| + | }; | ||
| + | |||
| + | var TYPEBG={ | ||
| + | ' | ||
| + | ' | ||
| + | ' | ||
| + | }; | ||
| + | var TYPEB={ | ||
| + | ' | ||
| + | ' | ||
| + | ' | ||
| + | }; | ||
| + | |||
| + | var EL=[ | ||
| + | [1,' | ||
| + | [2,' | ||
| + | [3,' | ||
| + | [4,' | ||
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| + | [99,' | ||
| + | [100,' | ||
| + | [101,' | ||
| + | [102,' | ||
| + | ]; | ||
| + | |||
| + | /* ── LEGENDS ── */ | ||
| + | var legs=document.getElementById(' | ||
| + | |||
| + | var oLeg=document.createElement(' | ||
| + | oLeg.innerHTML='< | ||
| + | var filt=null; | ||
| + | Object.values(ORI).forEach(function(o){ | ||
| + | var d=document.createElement(' | ||
| + | d.innerHTML='< | ||
| + | d.onclick=function(){ | ||
| + | if(filt===o.k){filt=null; | ||
| + | else{filt=o.k; | ||
| + | }; | ||
| + | oLeg.appendChild(d); | ||
| + | }); | ||
| + | legs.appendChild(oLeg); | ||
| + | |||
| + | var tLeg=document.createElement(' | ||
| + | tLeg.innerHTML='< | ||
| + | var types=[' | ||
| + | types.forEach(function(t){ | ||
| + | var d=document.createElement(' | ||
| + | d.innerHTML='< | ||
| + | tLeg.appendChild(d); | ||
| + | }); | ||
| + | legs.appendChild(tLeg); | ||
| + | |||
| + | /* ── GRID ── */ | ||
| + | var g=document.getElementById(' | ||
| + | |||
| + | EL.forEach(function(el){ | ||
| + | if(el[4]> | ||
| + | var d=mkCell(el); | ||
| + | g.appendChild(d); | ||
| + | }); | ||
| + | |||
| + | var sp=document.createElement(' | ||
| + | var ll=document.createElement(' | ||
| + | ll.innerHTML=' | ||
| + | g.appendChild(ll); | ||
| + | var al=document.createElement(' | ||
| + | al.innerHTML=' | ||
| + | g.appendChild(al); | ||
| + | |||
| + | EL.forEach(function(el){ | ||
| + | if(el[4]!==8) return; | ||
| + | var d=mkCell(el); | ||
| + | g.appendChild(d); | ||
| + | }); | ||
| + | EL.forEach(function(el){ | ||
| + | if(el[4]!==9) return; | ||
| + | var d=mkCell(el); | ||
| + | g.appendChild(d); | ||
| + | }); | ||
| + | |||
| + | function mkCell(el){ | ||
| + | var z=el[0], | ||
| + | var d=document.createElement(' | ||
| + | d.style.setProperty(' | ||
| + | d.style.background=TYPEBG[typ]||'# | ||
| + | d.style.borderColor=TYPEB[typ]||'# | ||
| + | d.innerHTML='< | ||
| + | d.onclick=function(){openM(el)}; | ||
| + | return d; | ||
| + | } | ||
| + | |||
| + | /* ── MODAL ── */ | ||
| + | var ov=document.getElementById(' | ||
| + | |||
| + | function openM(el){ | ||
| + | var z=el[0], | ||
| + | bd.innerHTML='< | ||
| + | | ||
| + | +'< | ||
| + | +'< | ||
| + | +'< | ||
| + | +'< | ||
| + | +'< | ||
| + | +'< | ||
| + | +'</ | ||
| + | +'< | ||
| + | +'< | ||
| + | +'< | ||
| + | +'</ | ||
| + | ov.classList.add(' | ||
| + | } | ||
| + | |||
| + | function closeM(){ov.classList.remove(' | ||
| + | document.getElementById(' | ||
| + | ov.onclick=function(e){if(e.target===ov)closeM()}; | ||
| + | document.addEventListener(' | ||
| + | |||
| + | /* ── ATOM ANIMATION ── */ | ||
| + | function h2(h,a){var r=parseInt(h.slice(1, | ||
| + | |||
| + | function startA(z, | ||
| + | if(anim)cancelAnimationFrame(anim); | ||
| + | var w=cv.parentElement, | ||
| + | cv.width=w.clientWidth*dpr; | ||
| + | var ctx=cv.getContext(' | ||
| + | var W=w.clientWidth, | ||
| + | var shells=[], | ||
| + | for(var i=0; | ||
| + | var nR=Math.min(10, | ||
| + | for(var i=0; | ||
| + | var els=[]; | ||
| + | shells.forEach(function(c, | ||
| + | |||
| + | function draw(){ | ||
| + | ctx.clearRect(0, | ||
| + | var bg=ctx.createRadialGradient(cx, | ||
| + | bg.addColorStop(0, | ||
| + | ctx.fillStyle=bg; | ||
| + | shells.forEach(function(_, | ||
| + | var ng=ctx.createRadialGradient(cx, | ||
| + | ng.addColorStop(0, | ||
| + | ctx.fillStyle=ng; | ||
| + | nuc.forEach(function(p){ | ||
| + | p.x+=p.vx; | ||
| + | if(d> | ||
| + | p.vx+=(Math.random()-.5)*.08; | ||
| + | ctx.fillStyle=p.t===' | ||
| + | ctx.beginPath(); | ||
| + | }); | ||
| + | els.forEach(function(e){ | ||
| + | e.a+=e.sp; | ||
| + | var ex=cx+Math.cos(e.a)*e.r, | ||
| + | ctx.strokeStyle=h2(col, | ||
| + | for(var i=0; | ||
| + | ctx.stroke(); | ||
| + | var eg=ctx.createRadialGradient(ex, | ||
| + | eg.addColorStop(0, | ||
| + | ctx.fillStyle=eg; | ||
| + | ctx.fillStyle=h2(col, | ||
| + | }); | ||
| + | anim=requestAnimationFrame(draw); | ||
| + | } | ||
| + | draw(); | ||
| + | } | ||
| + | })(); | ||
| + | </script> | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | The periodic table is one of the most powerful maps in all of science — a single chart that organises every known atom in the universe by the number of protons in its nucleus (the atomic number, Z) and by the arrangement of its electrons. Reading left to right across a period, each step adds one proton; reading top to bottom down a group, each step adds a new shell of electrons. The result is a profound regularity: elements in the same column share chemical personalities. Hydrogen sits alone at the top-left, the universe' | ||
| + | |||
| + | What makes this table extraordinary for this course is that it encodes where each element was born. The colour-coded origin legend reveals seven distinct forges: the Big Bang produced hydrogen and helium in the first fifteen minutes; small and massive stars built everything from carbon to iron through nuclear fusion; supernovae and neutron-star mergers — violent, cataclysmic events — forged the heavy elements like gold, platinum, and uranium in seconds. Even the keyboard you type on, the calcium in your bones, the iodine in your thyroid — each atom carries the memory of a specific astrophysical event billions of years in the past. | ||
| ===== - Origin of heavy elements ===== | ===== - Origin of heavy elements ===== | ||
| - | {{:bn: | + | A massive star begins its life in hydrostatic equilibrium, |
| + | |||
| + | {{: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Deep within the red supergiant, the contracting helium core eventually reaches 100 million kelvins, igniting the triple-alpha process to forge carbon. This establishes a pattern: as each fuel is exhausted at the center, the core contracts, heats up, and ignites the next heavier element, while previous fuels continue to burn in concentric shells above, building an " | ||
| + | |||
| + | When the iron core grows too massive to support its own weight, it collapses in a fraction of a second, driving central temperatures to nearly 10 billion kelvins. This intense heat triggers photodisintegration, | ||
| + | |||
| + | When a massive star reaches the end of its life, its iron core collapses and violently rebounds, triggering a catastrophic core-collapse supernova. During the first 15 minutes of this staggering explosion, the immense violence breaks apart existing heavy nuclei, releasing a dramatic flood of free neutrons. In this extreme environment, | ||
| + | |||
| + | Beyond the deaths of single massive stars, other violent cosmic interactions also serve as crucial forges for heavy elements. Astronomers now believe that considerable amounts of gold and other heavy elements may be synthesized during the catastrophic collision and merger of two ultradense **neutron stars**, events that are also thought to be the source of some gamma-ray bursts. Additionally, | ||
courses/ast100/5.1.1774169453.txt.gz · Last modified: by asad