courses:ast100:5.1
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| Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revision | ||
| courses:ast100:5.1 [2026/03/22 03:18] – asad | courses:ast100:5.1 [2026/03/22 04:21] (current) – asad | ||
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| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
| ===== - Interactive table ===== | ===== - Interactive table ===== | ||
| + | This table is interactive: | ||
| < | < | ||
| Line 9: | Line 10: | ||
| .cpt *,.cpt *:: | .cpt *,.cpt *:: | ||
| .cpt{ | .cpt{ | ||
| - | --tx:#1a1a1a;--tx2:#555;--tx3:#999; | + | --tx:#111;--tx2:#444;--tx3:#888; |
| - | /* type colors — soft tints */ | + | |
| - | --c-am:# | + | |
| - | --c-me:# | + | |
| - | --c-la:# | + | |
| font-family:' | font-family:' | ||
| } | } | ||
| - | /* === LEGENDS | + | /* ── |
| - | .cpt-legs{display: | + | .cpt-legs{display: |
| - | .cpt-leg{display: | + | .cpt-leg{display: |
| - | .cpt-leg-title{width: | + | .cpt-leg-title{ |
| - | .cpt-li{display: | + | font-family:' |
| - | .cpt-li: | + | |
| - | .cpt-ld{width: | + | letter-spacing: |
| - | .cpt-ls{width: | + | } |
| - | .cpt-li.on{color: | + | .cpt-li{display: |
| + | .cpt-li: | ||
| + | .cpt-ld{width: | ||
| + | .cpt-ls{width: | ||
| + | .cpt-li.on{color: | ||
| .cpt-li.on .cpt-ld{box-shadow: | .cpt-li.on .cpt-ld{box-shadow: | ||
| + | .cpt-li.noc{cursor: | ||
| + | .cpt-div{width: | ||
| - | /* === GRID === */ | + | /* ── |
| .cpt-w{max-width: | .cpt-w{max-width: | ||
| .cpt-g{display: | .cpt-g{display: | ||
| - | /* === CELL === */ | + | /* ── |
| .cpt-e{ | .cpt-e{ | ||
| aspect-ratio: | aspect-ratio: | ||
| Line 38: | Line 41: | ||
| cursor: | cursor: | ||
| transition: | transition: | ||
| - | border:1px solid var(--bd); | + | border:1px solid var(--bd); |
| } | } | ||
| - | .cpt-e:: | + | .cpt-e:: |
| .cpt-e: | .cpt-e: | ||
| .cpt-e: | .cpt-e: | ||
| - | .cpt-e .z{font-family:' | + | .cpt-e .z{font-family:' |
| - | .cpt-e .s{font-family:' | + | .cpt-e .s{font-family:' |
| .cpt-e.dim{opacity: | .cpt-e.dim{opacity: | ||
| .cpt-e.hi:: | .cpt-e.hi:: | ||
| - | /* === PLACEHOLDER CELLS for La/Ac breakout === */ | + | /* ── |
| - | .cpt-ref{ | + | |
| - | aspect-ratio: | + | |
| - | display: | + | |
| - | font-family:' | + | |
| - | color: | + | |
| - | border: | + | |
| - | position: | + | |
| - | cursor: | + | |
| - | } | + | |
| - | .cpt-ref:: | + | |
| - | content:''; | + | |
| - | width: | + | |
| - | bottom: | + | |
| - | border-left: | + | |
| - | border-top: | + | |
| - | } | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | /* === SPACER & LABELS | + | |
| .cpt-sp{grid-column: | .cpt-sp{grid-column: | ||
| .cpt-lb{ | .cpt-lb{ | ||
| grid-column: | grid-column: | ||
| - | padding-right: | + | padding-right: |
| font-family:' | font-family:' | ||
| - | } | ||
| - | /* connector lines from ref cells to La/Ac rows */ | ||
| - | .cpt-conn{ | ||
| - | grid-column: | ||
| } | } | ||
| - | /* === OVERLAY | + | /* ── |
| .cpt-ov{position: | .cpt-ov{position: | ||
| .cpt-ov.open{opacity: | .cpt-ov.open{opacity: | ||
| Line 99: | Line 80: | ||
| .cpt-od{font-family:' | .cpt-od{font-family:' | ||
| .cpt-od em{color: | .cpt-od em{color: | ||
| - | .cpt-lk{display: | + | @media(max-width: |
| - | .cpt-lk: | + | |
| - | @media(max-width: | + | |
| </ | </ | ||
| Line 119: | Line 98: | ||
| (function(){ | (function(){ | ||
| - | /* ── ORIGIN DATA ── */ | ||
| var ORI={ | var ORI={ | ||
| BB: | BB: | ||
| Line 130: | Line 108: | ||
| }; | }; | ||
| - | /* ── TYPE → BG COLOR MAP ── */ | ||
| var TYPEBG={ | var TYPEBG={ | ||
| - | ' | + | ' |
| - | ' | + | ' |
| - | ' | + | ' |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | 'Noble gas':'# | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| }; | }; | ||
| - | var TYPEBORDER={ | + | var TYPEB={ |
| - | ' | + | ' |
| - | ' | + | ' |
| - | ' | + | ' |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | 'Noble gas':'# | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| - | ' | + | |
| }; | }; | ||
| - | /* ── ELEMENTS: [Z, | ||
| var EL=[ | var EL=[ | ||
| [1,' | [1,' | ||
| Line 248: | Line 210: | ||
| [117,' | [117,' | ||
| [118,' | [118,' | ||
| - | /* Lanthanides */ | ||
| [57,' | [57,' | ||
| [58,' | [58,' | ||
| Line 263: | Line 224: | ||
| [69,' | [69,' | ||
| [70,' | [70,' | ||
| - | /* Actinides */ | ||
| [89,' | [89,' | ||
| [90,' | [90,' | ||
| Line 280: | Line 240: | ||
| ]; | ]; | ||
| - | /* ── | + | /* ── LEGENDS ── */ |
| var legs=document.getElementById(' | var legs=document.getElementById(' | ||
| - | // Origin legend | ||
| var oLeg=document.createElement(' | var oLeg=document.createElement(' | ||
| - | oLeg.innerHTML='< | + | oLeg.innerHTML='< |
| var filt=null; | var filt=null; | ||
| Object.values(ORI).forEach(function(o){ | Object.values(ORI).forEach(function(o){ | ||
| Line 298: | Line 257: | ||
| legs.appendChild(oLeg); | legs.appendChild(oLeg); | ||
| - | // Type legend | ||
| var tLeg=document.createElement(' | var tLeg=document.createElement(' | ||
| - | tLeg.innerHTML='< | + | tLeg.innerHTML='< |
| var types=[' | var types=[' | ||
| types.forEach(function(t){ | types.forEach(function(t){ | ||
| - | var d=document.createElement(' | + | var d=document.createElement(' |
| d.innerHTML='< | d.innerHTML='< | ||
| - | d.style.cursor=' | ||
| tLeg.appendChild(d); | tLeg.appendChild(d); | ||
| }); | }); | ||
| legs.appendChild(tLeg); | legs.appendChild(tLeg); | ||
| - | /* ── | + | /* ── GRID ── */ |
| var g=document.getElementById(' | var g=document.getElementById(' | ||
| - | // Place elements in rows 1-7 | ||
| EL.forEach(function(el){ | EL.forEach(function(el){ | ||
| - | | + | |
| - | if(row>=8) return; | + | var d=mkCell(el); |
| - | var d=mkCell(el); | + | |
| - | | + | |
| g.appendChild(d); | g.appendChild(d); | ||
| }); | }); | ||
| - | // Placeholder ref cells: 57-71 marker in row 6 col 3 area — but Lu is already there | ||
| - | // We place dashed ref markers at row6-col3 and row7-col3 BEFORE Lu/Lr | ||
| - | // Actually Lu(6,3) and Lr(7,3) are real elements. We need ref cells to show where La-Yb and Ac-No break out. | ||
| - | // Standard approach: put a marker in period 6 col 3 area. Since Lu occupies 6,3, we add a ref note. | ||
| - | // Better: add dashed placeholder at row 6 col 3 BEHIND Lu — or use row 6 only for ref. | ||
| - | // Let's add ref indicators as separate overlay-style cells at specific grid positions | ||
| - | // We'll place them at a special position: the La/Ac ranges are 4-17 in rows 8/9 | ||
| - | |||
| - | // Spacer | ||
| var sp=document.createElement(' | var sp=document.createElement(' | ||
| - | |||
| - | // La label + ref | ||
| var ll=document.createElement(' | var ll=document.createElement(' | ||
| ll.innerHTML=' | ll.innerHTML=' | ||
| g.appendChild(ll); | g.appendChild(ll); | ||
| - | |||
| - | // Ac label + ref | ||
| var al=document.createElement(' | var al=document.createElement(' | ||
| al.innerHTML=' | al.innerHTML=' | ||
| g.appendChild(al); | g.appendChild(al); | ||
| - | // Lanthanide row (row 8 → grid row 9) | ||
| EL.forEach(function(el){ | EL.forEach(function(el){ | ||
| if(el[4]!==8) return; | if(el[4]!==8) return; | ||
| - | var d=mkCell(el); | + | var d=mkCell(el); |
| - | | + | |
| g.appendChild(d); | g.appendChild(d); | ||
| }); | }); | ||
| - | |||
| - | // Actinide row (row 9 → grid row 10) | ||
| EL.forEach(function(el){ | EL.forEach(function(el){ | ||
| if(el[4]!==9) return; | if(el[4]!==9) return; | ||
| - | var d=mkCell(el); | + | var d=mkCell(el); |
| - | | + | |
| g.appendChild(d); | g.appendChild(d); | ||
| }); | }); | ||
| Line 362: | Line 298: | ||
| var z=el[0], | var z=el[0], | ||
| var d=document.createElement(' | var d=document.createElement(' | ||
| - | | + | |
| - | d.style.setProperty(' | + | |
| d.style.background=TYPEBG[typ]||'# | d.style.background=TYPEBG[typ]||'# | ||
| - | d.style.borderColor=TYPEBORDER[typ]||'# | + | d.style.borderColor=TYPEB[typ]||'# |
| d.innerHTML='< | d.innerHTML='< | ||
| d.onclick=function(){openM(el)}; | d.onclick=function(){openM(el)}; | ||
| Line 388: | Line 323: | ||
| +'< | +'< | ||
| +'< | +'< | ||
| - | +'< | ||
| +'</ | +'</ | ||
| ov.classList.add(' | ov.classList.add(' | ||
| Line 448: | Line 382: | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | The periodic table is one of the most powerful maps in all of science — a single chart that organises every known atom in the universe by the number of protons in its nucleus (the atomic number, Z) and by the arrangement of its electrons. Reading left to right across a period, each step adds one proton; reading top to bottom down a group, each step adds a new shell of electrons. The result is a profound regularity: elements in the same column share chemical personalities. Hydrogen sits alone at the top-left, the universe' | ||
| + | |||
| + | What makes this table extraordinary for this course is that it encodes where each element was born. The colour-coded origin legend reveals seven distinct forges: the Big Bang produced hydrogen and helium in the first fifteen minutes; small and massive stars built everything from carbon to iron through nuclear fusion; supernovae and neutron-star mergers — violent, cataclysmic events — forged the heavy elements like gold, platinum, and uranium in seconds. Even the keyboard you type on, the calcium in your bones, the iodine in your thyroid — each atom carries the memory of a specific astrophysical event billions of years in the past. | ||
| ===== - Origin of heavy elements ===== | ===== - Origin of heavy elements ===== | ||
| - | {{:bn: | + | A massive star begins its life in hydrostatic equilibrium, |
| + | |||
| + | {{: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Deep within the red supergiant, the contracting helium core eventually reaches 100 million kelvins, igniting the triple-alpha process to forge carbon. This establishes a pattern: as each fuel is exhausted at the center, the core contracts, heats up, and ignites the next heavier element, while previous fuels continue to burn in concentric shells above, building an " | ||
| + | |||
| + | When the iron core grows too massive to support its own weight, it collapses in a fraction of a second, driving central temperatures to nearly 10 billion kelvins. This intense heat triggers photodisintegration, | ||
| + | |||
| + | When a massive star reaches the end of its life, its iron core collapses and violently rebounds, triggering a catastrophic core-collapse supernova. During the first 15 minutes of this staggering explosion, the immense violence breaks apart existing heavy nuclei, releasing a dramatic flood of free neutrons. In this extreme environment, | ||
| + | |||
| + | Beyond the deaths of single massive stars, other violent cosmic interactions also serve as crucial forges for heavy elements. Astronomers now believe that considerable amounts of gold and other heavy elements may be synthesized during the catastrophic collision and merger of two ultradense **neutron stars**, events that are also thought to be the source of some gamma-ray bursts. Additionally, | ||
courses/ast100/5.1.1774171111.txt.gz · Last modified: by asad